The Birthday Party

This blog on pre viewing  and post-viewing and observations for the movie screening of 'The Birthday Party'. Assigned by Megha ma'am.

Here is the link to the  blog for background reading: Click here.

 

 The Birthday Party

Pre-Viewing Tasks :

1. Harold Pinter – the man and his works (Pinter, The Birthday Party)

1.1 Harold Pinter

Harold Pinter (1930–2008) was a British playwright known for his unique style, termed "Pinteresque," which features minimal dialogue, pauses, and underlying menace. His plays explore themes of power, fear, and identity. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2005.

1.2 The Birthday Party (1957)
Some of Harold Pinter’s most significant plays are:

The Birthday Party (1957)

The Caretaker (1960)

The Homecoming (1965)

Betrayal (1978)

2. Comedy of Menace: Whose plays are known so? Who termed it? What are its peculiar characteristics? How is it different from Absurd Theatre? 
  Ans.

2.1 Importance of Comedy of Menace

Explores Psychological Fear
 – Highlights hidden dangers in ordinary life, making audiences feel uneasy.

Blends Humor and Threat
 – The mix of comedy and fear makes plays more engaging and thought-provoking.

Challenges Power and Control
 – Shows how authority, manipulation, and social pressure influence human behavior.

Influences Modern Theatre
 – Inspired later playwrights and filmmakers who use tension, dark humor, and ambiguity.

Reflects Real-Life Uncertainty
– Captures life's unpredictability, making audiences question security and identity.

2.2. Whose Plays Are Known as Comedy of Menace?

The term "Comedy of Menace" is primarily associated with the works of Harold Pinter, David Campton, and N. F. Simpson. Harold Pinter is the most well-known playwright in this category, with plays like The Birthday Party, The Caretaker, and The Homecoming being prime examples.

2.3. Who Termed It?

The term "Comedy of Menace" was first used by David Campton and later popularized by critic Irving Wardle in the 1950s. Wardle used it to describe Pinter’s plays, where humor and threat coexist.

2.4. Peculiar Characteristics of Comedy of Menace

Mix of Humor and Fear
 – Dark comedy arises from uncomfortable or threatening situations.

Atmosphere of Uncertainty & Threat
 – Ordinary settings become unnerving due to hidden dangers.

Unclear Motives and Mysterious Characters
 – Characters often hide their true intentions, creating ambiguity.

Use of Silence & Pauses
 – Tension builds through what is left unsaid.

Power Struggles and Psychological Tension
– Language is used as a weapon to manipulate, control, and intimidate.

2.5. Difference Between Comedy of Menace and Absurd Theatre
👇

Aspect	Comedy of Menace	Absurd Theatre
Theme	Fear and intimidation in ordinary situations	Meaninglessness of human existence
Dialogue	Ambiguous, yet structured	Often nonsensical and repetitive
Characters	Mysterious figures with unclear motives	Lost, confused, or robotic figures
Realism	Retains elements of realism	Often highly surreal or illogical
Example	The Birthday Party (Pinter)	Waiting for Godot (Beckett)

 3.Explain ‘Pinteresque’ – Pinter pause and use of ‘Silence’ in the play: a particular atmosphere and environment in drama.

3.1Pinteresque: The Unique Style of Harold Pinter

3.1.1 Meaning:

 "Pinteresque" refers to Harold Pinter’s distinct dramatic style, marked by pauses, silences, minimal dialogue, and underlying menace, creating tension and ambiguity.

3.1.2 Pinter Pause and Use of Silence:

Builds Suspense & Mystery
 – What is left unsaid holds deeper meaning than spoken words.

Reflects Power Struggles
 – Silence is used to intimidate and control.

Creates an Unsettling Atmosphere
 – Ordinary conversations become disturbing.

Blends Realism with Uncertainty
 – Dialogue mimics real-life speech but feels unnatural and tense.

3.1.3 Atmosphere and Environment in His Plays:

Ordinary yet Threatening
 – Familiar settings turn menacing (The Birthday Party).

Fear of the Unknown
 – Characters seem trapped or manipulated.

Dark Humor & Menace
 – Comedy mixes with fear, keeping audiences uneasy.

Conclusion:

Pinter’s use of pauses and silence makes his plays intense, unpredictable, and psychologically gripping, proving that what is unsaid is often more powerful than what is spoken.

 

4.‘The Birthday Party’ – an allegory of ‘artist in exile and other interpretations

Ans.

Harold Pinter’s The Birthday Party is an ambiguous play open to multiple interpretations.

4.1 Allegory of the Artist in Exile

Stanley as the Artist – A withdrawn pianist, symbolizing an artist isolated from society.
Goldberg & McCann as Oppressors – Represent external forces (authority, critics) that suppress individuality.
Forced Conformity – The "birthday party" reflects society’s attempt to silence the artist.

4.2 Other Interpretations

Loss of Identity – Stanley’s struggle shows how identity can be manipulated and erased.
Totalitarian Control – Goldberg & McCann symbolize oppressive systems that break individuals.
Existential Dread – The play’s unpredictability highlights fear, paranoia, and absurdity.

4.3 Conclusion

Pinter’s play is a multi-layered allegory that explores oppression, loss of identity, and existential uncertainty, making it an enduring and thought-provoking drama.

5.‘The Birthday Party’ as a Political Play with reference to Harold Pinter’s Noble Speech: ‘Art, Truth & Politics

Ans.

5.1 Political Themes in The Birthday Party

Oppression & Control
  – Stanley is isolated and broken, mirroring how political systems silence individuals.

Fear & Surveillance
– Goldberg and McCann symbolize secret police or authoritarian enforcers.

Loss of Free Will
– Stanley’s fate reflects how power structures manipulate and destroy dissenting voices.

5.2 Connection to Pinter’s Nobel Speech

Truth vs. Political Lies
 – Pinter highlights how governments distort reality, just as the play exposes unseen oppression.

Power & Silence
 – Stanley’s silence mirrors how political victims are controlled and suppressed.

Critique of Authoritarianism
 – Pinter condemns propaganda and state violence, themes echoed in the play’s interrogation scenes.

5.3 Conclusion

The Birthday Party is a political allegory about power, truth, and control, aligning with Pinter’s view that art reveals hidden political realities.

While – Viewing Tasks:
 
1.Harriet Deer and Irving Deer’s article[2] on Pinter's "The Birthday Party": The Film and the Play. (Deer and Deer)

Ans.

Harriet Deer and Irving Deer’s article on The Birthday Party explores power, control, and identity, emphasizing the play’s existential fears, ambiguity, and menace. They argue that language is a weapon, trapping characters like Stanley in an unpredictable world. The film adaptation intensifies these themes through visual elements, expanding the setting but slightly reducing ambiguity. While both versions critique societal oppression and the loss of individuality, the film’s realism alters the audience’s experience, making it a distinct yet faithful interpretation of Pinter’s vision.

2. A comparison of the film and play versions of ‘The Birthday Party’ affords us a rare opportunity to gain insight into how a preconception of a play into film may affect the dramatic experience it communicates. Mark the way Pinter treats the texture of the play.

Ans.

A comparison of the film and play versions of The Birthday Party reveals how adapting a stage drama to film alters the dramatic experience. Pinter’s play relies on language, pauses, and confined space to create tension, while the film expands the setting and uses cinematic techniques like close-ups, lighting, and camera angles to enhance menace and surveillance. The claustrophobic tension of the stage is somewhat diffused in the film, but visual realism intensifies the play’s themes of power and control. Despite these differences, Pinter preserves the ambiguity, unpredictability, and psychological depth, maintaining the unsettling atmosphere of the original.

3.Observe how Pinter gives us the texture-the sounds and sights of a world without structure, which is the heart and soul of the play also.

Ans.

Harold Pinter creates a world of uncertainty and menace through disjointed dialogue, unsettling silences, and abrupt tonal shifts. Sound (broken speech, repetitions) and silence (Pinter Pause) heighten tension and expose the fragility of communication. The unstructured plot and claustrophobic setting reinforce a sense of instability, trapping characters in an absurd, unpredictable reality. Pinter’s use of minimal direction and ambiguous motives deepens the existential unease, making chaos and power struggles the defining texture of the play.

4.  How many times the ‘knocking at the door’ happens in the play? Is it creating menacing effect while viewing the movie?

Ans.

In The Birthday Party, the knocking at the door happens multiple times, notably when Goldberg and McCann arrive and during key tense moments. This intrusion signals danger, loss of control, and inescapable doom.
In the film, the sharp, intrusive knock, combined with sound design, lighting, and camera angles, intensifies the sense of menace and helplessness, making the audience feel Stanley’s fear and reinforcing the play’s themes of oppression and control.

5.   How are ‘silences’ and ‘pauses’ used in the movie to give effect of lurking danger – how it helps in building the texture of comedy of menace.

Ans.

In the film, silences and pauses create an uneasy tension, making conversations feel unnatural and heightening suspense. They reinforce the comedy of menace, where ordinary moments turn eerie and unpredictable. Prolonged silences build a lurking sense of danger, while awkward pauses emphasize power struggles and hidden threats. Close-ups, dim lighting, and background silence intensify the feeling of imminent doom, blending dark humor with fear.

6. Comment upon the use of things like mirror, toy drum, newspapers, breakfast, chairs, window-hatch etc in the movie. What sort of symbolic reading can you give to these objects?

Ans.

6.1 In The Birthday Party film, everyday objects enhance themes of power, control, and entrapment:

6.1.1 Mirror
 – Represents distorted identity; Stanley avoids it, fearing self-reflection.

6.1.2 Toy Drum
 – Symbolizes childhood innocence and impending doom; Stanley’s chaotic drumming reflects his mental state.

6.1.3 Newspapers
 – Act as a shield; Petey hides behind them to escape conflict.

6.1.4 Breakfast
 – Suggests routine and normalcy, contrasting with the looming threat.

6.1.5 Chairs
– Represent power dynamics, with seating arrangements highlighting control.

6.1.6 Window-Hatch
 – Symbolizes limited escape, reinforcing Stanley’s entrapment.

These objects turn the ordinary into something menacing, deepening the film’s unsettling atmosphere.

7. How effective are scenes like ‘Interrogation scene’ (Act 1), ‘Birthday Party scene’ (Act 2) and ‘Faltering Goldberg & Petey’s timid resistance scene’ (Act 3) captured in the movie?

Ans.

The film enhances the play’s menace and tension through lighting, camera angles, and sound:

7.1 Interrogation Scene (Act 1)
 – Rapid questioning, harsh lighting, and close-ups create pressure, making Stanley’s fear palpable.

7.2 Birthday Party Scene (Act 2)
 – Chaotic camera movements, eerie laughter, and distorted sounds heighten the madness and Stanley’s breakdown.

7.3 Faltering Goldberg & Petey’s Timid Resistance (Act 3)
– Goldberg’s moment of weakness and Petey’s helpless protest emphasize the theme of oppression.

These cinematic choices make the film even more disturbing and impactful than the stage play.

Post-Viewing Tasks:

1.Why are two scenes of Lulu omitted from the movie?

Ans.

Lulu’s two scenes are omitted to tighten the narrative and keep the focus on Stanley’s psychological breakdown. Her confrontation with Goldberg is minimized, shifting attention to the power struggle between Stanley and his oppressors. This omission also enhances the film’s menace, using subtle visual cues instead of dialogue to suggest Lulu’s distress, making Goldberg and McCann’s actions more ambiguous and unsettling.

2.  Is movie successful in giving us the effect of menace? Where you able to feel it while reading the text?

Ans.

Yes, the movie effectively creates menace through lighting, close-ups, silences, and sound effects, making the tension more immediate. While the play’s menace is psychological, built through pauses and ambiguous dialogue, the film intensifies it visually, making Stanley’s oppression feel more disturbing and inescapable

3.   Do you feel the effect of lurking danger while viewing the movie? Where you able to feel the same while reading the text

Ans.

Yes, the movie creates a strong sense of lurking danger through dark visuals, silences, and unsettling sounds, making the menace feel immediate. While reading the play, pauses, ambiguous dialogue, and sudden shifts in tone create unease, but the fear is more subtle and psychological, leaving much to the imagination.

4.What do you read in 'newspaper' in the movie? Petey is reading newspaper to Meg, it torn into pieces by McCain, pieces are hidden by Petey in last scene.

Ans.

Symbolism of the Newspaper in the Movie

The newspaper symbolizes avoidance, control, and hidden truth:

4.1 Petey reading it to Meg
 – A passive escape from reality, reinforcing ignorance.

4.2 McCann tearing it
– Represents erasure of truth and control over information, just like Stanley’s identity is being destroyed.

4.3 Petey hiding the pieces
 – A quiet act of resistance, though ultimately powerless.
The newspaper reflects manipulated reality, deepening the film’s sense of oppression and menace.

5.Camera is positioned over the head of McCain when he is playing Blind Man's Buff and is positioned at the top with a view of room like a cage (trap) when Stanley is playing it. What interpretations can you give to these positioning of camera?

Ans.

5.1 The camera angles heighten power and entrapment:

5.1.1 Over McCann’s Head
 – Emphasizes his dominance and control, making Stanley appear vulnerable.

5.1.2 Top-Down View for Stanley
 – Frames the room like a cage, reinforcing his powerlessness and inevitable fate.

These shots intensify the sense of menace and oppression, visually trapping Stanley in his helpless state.

6."Pinter restored theater to its basic elements: an enclosed space and unpredictable dialogue, where people are at the mercy of one another and pretense crumbles." (Pinter, Art, Truth & Politics: Excerpts from the 2005 Nobel Lecture). Does this happen in the movie?

Ans.

Yes, the movie captures Pinter’s vision with:

6.1 Enclosed Space
 – The claustrophobic setting traps characters.

6.2 Unpredictable Dialogue
 – Shifts between humor and menace create unease.

6.3 Power Struggles
– Stanley is helpless against Goldberg and McCann.

6.4 Crumbling Pretense
– Stanley breaks, and even Goldberg briefly falters.

The film’s camera work, silences, and tension enhance Pinter’s themes of menace and psychological entrapment.

7.   How does viewing movie help in better understanding of the play ‘The Birthday Party’ with its typical characteristics (like painteresque, pause, silence, menace, lurking danger)?

Ans.

Watching a movie adaptation of The Birthday Party enhances understanding by visually and audibly presenting Harold Pinter’s signature techniques, such as:

7.1 Painteresque
– The film captures the play’s visual composition, emphasizing dim lighting, confined spaces, and mundane settings that heighten tension.

7.2 Pauses and Silence
– Pinter’s use of pauses and silences is more impactful in a movie, as facial expressions, body language, and cinematography emphasize unspoken emotions.

7.3 Menace and Lurking Danger
 – The film medium intensifies the eerie atmosphere, making the ambiguous threats of Goldberg and McCann more unsettling through music, close-ups, and pacing.

7.4 Psychological Impact
– Watching actors embody the characters enhances the understanding of their fears, anxieties, and power dynamics, which may be less apparent in text.

Overall, the movie helps in grasping Pinter’s comedy of menace by making its abstract elements more tangible and emotionally immersive.

8.With which of the following observations you agree:
o   “It probably wasn't possible to make a satisfactory film of "The Birthday Party."
o    “It's impossible to imagine a better film of Pinter's play than this sensitive, disturbing version directed by William Friedkin”

Ans.

The second observation-“It's impossible to imagine a better film of Pinter's play than this sensitive, disturbing version directed by William Fredkin”-is more convincing. Fredkin's adaptation successfully translates Harold Pinter’s unique style, including his use of silence, pauses, and underlying menace, into a cinematic experience.

The film preserves the claustrophobic setting, making the audience feel trapped in the same psychological tension as Stanley. The performances, particularly Robert Shaw’s portrayal of Stanley, bring out the character’s fear and vulnerability in a way that might be less apparent in just reading the text. The visual medium also enhances the themes of menace and lurking danger through cinematography, lighting, and sound design, which effectively build suspense.

While some argue that Pinter’s pauses and ambiguity are difficult to translate to film, Fredkin's version remains a highly faithful and compelling adaptation, making it hard to imagine a better cinematic representation of The Birthday Party.

9. If you were director or screenplay writer, what sort of difference would you make in the making of movie?

Ans.

If I were the director or screenplay writer of The Birthday Party, I would make the following changes to enhance its psychological depth and cinematic impact while preserving Pinter’s core themes:

9.1 Enhanced Visual Symbolism
 – I would use more symbolic cinematography, such as dim lighting that darkens as the menace grows or distorted camera angles to reflect Stanley’s paranoia.

9.2 Internal Monologues & Flashbacks
– To deepen Stanley’s psychological torment, I would introduce brief flashbacks or distorted sound effects hinting at his past, making his fear of Goldberg and McCann more layered.

9.3 Sound Design for Menace
 – Instead of just pauses and silences, I’d use unsettling background noises (e.g., ticking clocks, distant whispers) to amplify the lurking danger.

9.4 More Ambiguous Ending
 – I would leave subtle clues about whether Stanley’s fate is real or a psychological breakdown, making the audience question the reality of events even more.

9.5 Close-ups & Slow Pacing in Key Scenes
– To highlight tension, I’d use close-up shots on characters’ expressions during interrogations and maintain slow, uncomfortable pacing to make the menace more palpable.

These changes would maintain Pinter’s original essence while enhancing the film’s psychological intensity for modern audiences.

10. Who would be your choice of actors to play the role of characters?

Ans.

If I were casting a modern adaptation of The Birthday Party:

10.1 Stanley Webber
 – Paul Dano (Perfect for portraying Stanley’s paranoia and vulnerability)

10.2 Goldberg
– Mark Rylance (Can balance charm with quiet menace)

10.3 McCann
 – Barry Keoghan (His eerie unpredictability fits McCann’s role)

10.4 Meg
 – Olivia Colman (Great for Meg’s mix of warmth and unsettling naivety)

10.5 Petey
– Jim Broadbent (Would capture Petey’s quiet, passive nature)

10.6 Lulu
 – Florence Pugh (Ideal for Lulu’s youthful energy and emotional depth)

This cast would bring out the psychological tension and menace of Pinter’s play effectively.

11.Do you see any similarities among Kafka's Joseph K. (in 'The Trial'), Orwell's Winston Smith (in 'Nineteen Eighty-Four') and Pinter's Victor (in 'One for the Road')?  

Ans.

Yes, there are strong similarities among Kafka’s Joseph K. (The Trial), Orwell’s Winston Smith (Nineteen Eighty-Four), and Pinter’s Victor (One for the Road), as all three characters embody themes of oppression, powerlessness, and psychological torment under authoritarian control.

11.1 Victims of Oppressive Systems
 – Each character is trapped in a system that exerts total control. Joseph K. faces an incomprehensible legal bureaucracy, Winston Smith suffers under totalitarian surveillance, and Victor endures brutal interrogation by a political regime.

11.2 Psychological and Physical Persecution
– They experience both mental and physical torment. Winston is tortured into submission, Victor is interrogated and abused, and Joseph K. is psychologically crushed by an undefined guilt.

11.3 Loss of Individual Agency
– Despite initial resistance, all three characters ultimately succumb. Joseph K. is executed without understanding his crime, Winston betrays his beliefs and submits to Big Brother, and Victor’s fate remains ambiguous but suggests defeat.

11.4 Themes of Absurdity and Menace
– Kafka’s absurdity, Orwell’s dystopian realism, and Pinter’s comedy of menace all highlight the unpredictability and cruelty of authoritarianism.

These characters collectively represent the tragedy of the powerless individual in the face of oppressive, faceless authority.

References

Worksheet: Film Screening - Harold Pinter’s the Birthday Party. blog.dilipbarad.com/2013/09/worksheet-film-screening-harold-pinters.html.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "The Birthday Party". Encyclopedia Britannica, 10 Nov. 2015, https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Birthday-Party-play-by-Pinter. Accessed 5 March 2025.

This blog task is assigned by Prakruti Bhatt Ma'am (Department of English, MKBU).

Henry David Thoreau & Margaret Fuller

1.  Discuss the following basic elements of Transcendentalism in the context of Henry David Thoreau's works: 1) Self-Reliance 2) Free Thinking/Individualism 3) Nonconformity/Civil Disobedience 4) Spirituality 5) Importance of Nature 6) Confidence


Ans.

1. Transcendentalism in the Works of Henry David Thoreau

Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862) was a leading figure in the Transcendentalist movement, which emphasized self-reliance, free thinking, nonconformity, spirituality, nature, and confidence. His works, particularly Walden (1854) and Civil Disobedience (1849), reflect these core principles. Thoreau’s philosophy continues to influence civil rights movements, environmentalism, and personal development. This essay explores the fundamental elements of Transcendentalism in Thoreau’s works.

2. Self-Reliance|

Thoreau strongly advocated for personal independence and self-sufficiency. In Walden, he withdrew from conventional society to live at Walden Pond, believing that true fulfillment could be found by relying on oneself. He built his own shelter, grew his own food, and lived with minimal material needs. He wrote, “A man is rich in proportion to the number of things which he can afford to let alone.” This reflects the Transcendentalist ideal of rejecting materialism and excessive labor in favor of personal and intellectual freedom. He believed that individuals should trust their own judgment rather than conform to social expectations, emphasizing that self-reliance leads to a more meaningful life.

3. Free Thinking/Individualism

Thoreau championed independent thought and personal convictions, rejecting blind adherence to societal norms. He argued that individuals should think for themselves rather than follow traditions without questioning them. In Walden, he asserts, “No way of thinking or doing, however ancient, can be trusted without proof.” He believed that personal conscience should hold more authority than external institutions like government, religion, or media. His mentor, Ralph Waldo Emerson, also promoted self-reliance, but Thoreau took it further by actively living it. His insistence on intellectual independence highlights his commitment to individualism and personal truth.

4.Nonconformity/Civil Disobedience

Thoreau was a firm believer in resisting unjust authority and societal pressures. In Civil Disobedience, he argues that individuals should refuse to comply with unjust laws, stating, “The only obligation which I have a right to assume is to do at any time what I think right.” His refusal to pay the poll tax as a protest against slavery and the Mexican-American War showcases his commitment to nonconformity and ethical resistance. His philosophy of peaceful protest later influenced global civil rights leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.

5. Spirituality

Thoreau’s spirituality was deeply connected to nature and personal reflection. Instead of seeking divinity in churches or religious doctrines, he found it in the natural world. In Walden, he describes the pond as a sacred space where he experiences spiritual awakening, stating, “Heaven is under our feet as well as over our heads.” He was also influenced by Eastern philosophies, including Hinduism and the Bhagavad Gita, which emphasize self-reflection and harmony with nature. His belief in the divine presence within all living beings made him skeptical of institutionalized religion, which he saw as restrictive.

6.Importance of Nature

Nature was central to Thoreau’s philosophy, serving as a source of wisdom, inspiration, and self-discovery. He believed that human beings could learn more from nature than from books or institutions. In Walden, he immerses himself in the wilderness to understand life’s essentials, writing, “I believe that there is a subtle magnetism in Nature, which, if we unconsciously yield to it, will direct us aright.” He criticizes modern society for alienating individuals from the natural world. His love for nature also makes him an early advocate for ecological preservation, emphasizing the need to protect the environment from human exploitation.

7.Confidence

Thoreau encouraged individuals to trust their instincts and beliefs, even in the face of opposition. His life and writings exemplify unwavering confidence in his principles. In Walden, he asserts, “Go confidently in the direction of your dreams. Live the life you have imagined.” This statement reflects his belief in personal conviction over societal approval. He criticizes fear-driven hesitation and encourages decisive action. His famous line, “If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer,” highlights the importance of marching to one’s own rhythm without worrying about societal expectations.

8.Conclusion

Thoreau’s works embody the fundamental principles of Transcendentalism, emphasizing self-reliance, individualism, civil disobedience, spirituality, nature, and confidence. Through Walden and Civil Disobedience, he not only lived these ideals but also inspired future generations to think freely, resist injustice, and find truth in nature. His legacy continues to influence those who seek a life of independence, moral integrity, and harmony with the natural world.

2. Share your thoughts about Thoreau's statement: "that government is best which governs least".

1.Introduction

Henry David Thoreau’s assertion, “That government is best which governs least,” represents a fundamental critique of institutional authority and excessive political control. As a key figure in Transcendentalism, Thoreau believed in self-reliance, individual conscience, and moral resistance against unjust laws. His ideas, articulated in Civil Disobedience (1849), were largely shaped by his opposition to the U.S. government's expansionist policies and its complicity in slavery.

Thoreau’s political stance was not just theoretical but deeply personal. In 1846, he refused to pay the poll tax, protesting against the Mexican-American War and slavery. His brief imprisonment symbolized his commitment to resisting governmental injustice, inspiring future leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., and Nelson Mandela. He believed that government should exist to serve the people, not to restrict their rights or enforce unjust policies.

2.Thoreau’s Philosophy on Government

Thoreau’s statement reflects his belief that a government should interfere as little as possible in the lives of its citizens, allowing people to govern themselves based on moral conscience. He expands on this idea in Civil Disobedience, where he criticizes government corruption, excessive control, and unjust laws. He argues that when laws contradict moral principles, individuals have a duty to resist peacefully. His refusal to pay taxes that funded war and slavery exemplifies this belief in nonviolent resistance.
However, Thoreau’s vision does not entirely reject governance. Instead, he envisions an ideal government that respects individual freedom and imposes only necessary regulations. His philosophy aligns with the broader transcendentalist ideals of self-reliance and personal responsibility, advocating for a society where individuals govern themselves according to their ethical beliefs.

3. Practical Limitations of Minimal Government

While Thoreau’s vision is inspiring, it raises practical concerns. Can a society function effectively without structured governance? If government is entirely absent, wouldn’t social instability, economic exploitation, and lawlessness prevail? Modern societies require governance to maintain order, provide essential services, and protect citizens' rights. A completely hands-off government may not be practical in complex societies.
However, Thoreau’s philosophy remains relevant in discussions about the balance between government power and personal freedom. His ideas encourage citizens to question authority, resist oppression, and advocate for justice. Instead of a total rejection of governance, his statement serves as a reminder that government should prioritize justice, individual rights, and ethical leadership.

Conclusion

Thoreau’s “That government is best which governs least” is a powerful call for individual liberty and resistance to tyranny. While his vision of minimal government is idealistic, it raises valid concerns about the role of governance in maintaining social stability. His philosophy continues to inspire debates on democracy, civil rights, and personal freedom, challenging societies to strike a balance between individual autonomy and responsible governance.

3.Discuss any two of the major themes of Margaret Fuller's philosophy. 

3.1 Major Themes in Margaret Fuller's Philosophy

Margaret Fuller (1810–1850) was a pioneering American journalist, editor, Transcendentalist thinker, and advocate for women's rights. Her philosophy was deeply influenced by the ideals of individualism, self-reliance, and social justice. Two major themes in her work are Transcendentalism and Women’s Rights and Gender Equality.

3.1.1 Transcendentalism 

Fuller was a prominent figure in the Transcendentalist movement, which emphasized individual intuition, self-reliance, and the inherent goodness of people and nature. She believed that personal insight and spiritual experiences were fundamental sources of truth, surpassing empirical evidence and established doctrines. This perspective is evident in her work with The Dial, a Transcendentalist journal she co-edited with Ralph Waldo Emerson, where she explored themes of self-cultivation, intellectual growth, and the pursuit of personal freedom.

Fuller believed in the transformative power of self-improvement. She encouraged individuals to engage in continuous learning and self-exploration, regardless of gender. In Woman in the Nineteenth Century, she states, “Let every woman, instead of being taught to lean upon a husband, be taught to stand alone.” This highlights her belief that true independence stems from intellectual and emotional growth. For Fuller, self-cultivation was not just about personal fulfillment but also about contributing to society, as individuals who pursued knowledge and self-awareness would ultimately work toward social reform and justice.

3.1.2  Women's Rights and Gender Equality

As a trailblazer for gender equality, Fuller argued that women should have the same opportunities for education, political rights, and personal development as men. In her seminal work, Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1845), she challenged the restrictive roles assigned to women, asserting, “We would have every arbitrary barrier thrown down. We would have every path laid open to woman as freely as to man.” She believed that gender should not limit an individual’s potential, and she advocated for the recognition of both masculine and feminine qualities within all people.

Fuller’s vision extended beyond feminism-she saw women's liberation as part of a broader social movement toward justice and equality. She linked the struggle for women’s rights to other progressive causes, including abolitionism, democracy, and educational reform. Her advocacy laid the groundwork for the early women’s suffrage movement and continues to influence discussions on gender equality today.

Conclusion

Margaret Fuller’s philosophy was deeply rooted in the ideals of Transcendentalism and women’s rights, both of which emphasized intellectual growth, self-reliance, and social justice. Through her writings and activism, she challenged societal norms, encouraged personal and collective progress, and left a lasting impact on American philosophy, feminism, and social reform. Her work remains a cornerstone in the fight for gender equality and the pursuit of self-cultivation.

4. Compare Transcendentalist ideas with that of Puritanism. Which philosophical ideology can you consider relevant for our times?

4.1 Transcendentalism vs. Puritanism: A Comparative Analysis and Contemporary Relevance

Philosophical and religious movements shape societies by defining their values, beliefs, and cultural structures. Puritanism and Transcendentalism, two influential American ideologies, represent contrasting worldviews. While Puritanism, dominant in the 17th and early 18th centuries, emphasized strict religious discipline, divine predestination, and collective morality, Transcendentalism, which flourished in the 19th century, championed individual intuition, self-reliance, and the intrinsic goodness of humanity. This essay explores their differences and evaluates their relevance in the modern world.

4.2 Core Differences Between Transcendentalism and Puritanism

4.2.1 Views on Human Nature

Puritanism:

 Rooted in Calvinist theology, Puritans believed in original sin-the idea that humans are inherently sinful and in need of divine grace for salvation. Moral discipline and strict religious adherence were essential to avoid corruption.

Transcendentalism:

 In contrast, Transcendentalists believed in the inherent goodness of individuals. They argued that people are naturally inclined toward truth and self-improvement, provided they listen to their inner conscience rather than external religious authorities. Emerson’s concept of the Over-Soul describes a divine spirit connecting all living beings.

4.2.2  Relationship with God and Spirituality

Puritanism: Puritans maintained a rigid, theocratic worldview where God was seen as an omnipotent judge, and salvation was predestined. Religious institutions played a crucial role in shaping moral conduct.

Transcendentalism: Transcendentalists rejected institutionalized religion, advocating for a direct, personal connection with the divine through nature and intuition. Emerson famously wrote, “I am part or particle of God,” signifying a belief in inner divinity rather than reliance on external religious dogma.

4.2.3  Nature and the Material World

Puritanism:
 Puritans often viewed nature as dangerous and corrupt, a place of temptation that needed to be controlled. The wilderness was associated with moral trials, as seen in Jonathan Edwards’ Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God (1741).

Transcendentalism:
 Transcendentalists, particularly Henry David Thoreau, saw nature as a source of divine inspiration and self-discovery. His book Walden (1854) celebrates nature as a path to personal and spiritual awakening. Rather than something to be feared, the natural world was a reflection of divine beauty and truth.

4.2.4  Social and Political Views

Puritanism: Puritan society was hierarchical and conformist, placing religious duty above individual freedom. Ministers and church authorities wielded significant power, and dissenters were often ostracized or punished.

Transcendentalism: Transcendentalists valued personal freedom, self-reliance, and civil disobedience. Thoreau’s essay Civil Disobedience (1849) argued that individuals should resist unjust laws, a philosophy later influencing figures like Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.

4.3 Which Philosophy is More Relevant Today?

4.3.1 The Legacy of Puritanism in Modern Society

Although Puritanism as a movement has faded, its influence persists in American culture. The "Protestant work ethic," first theorized by sociologist Max Weber, is a Puritan legacy that equates hard work with moral righteousness. Additionally, Puritan values still shape debates on morality, censorship, and religious fundamentalism, particularly in conservative social and political ideologies.

4.3.2 The Relevance of Transcendentalism in the Modern World

Transcendentalism, with its focus on individual freedom, environmentalism, and personal spirituality, is highly relevant today:

Environmental Consciousness:

 The Transcendentalist reverence for nature aligns with modern climate activism and conservation efforts. Thoreau’s ideas on simple living inspire contemporary sustainability movements.

Self-Reliance and Personal Growth: Emerson’s philosophy of self-reliance is echoed in modern self-help movements, mindfulness practices, and holistic well-being trends. The rise of meditation, minimalism, and personal development movements reflects Transcendentalist ideals.

Social and Political Activism:

The concept of civil disobedience remains influential in protests against systemic injustices, from civil rights movements to environmental activism.

Conclusion

While both Puritanism and Transcendentalism have shaped American thought, Transcendentalism is more relevant to contemporary society. Its emphasis on individualism, environmental awareness, and spiritual self-exploration resonates with modern concerns about identity, mental well-being, and social justice. Although Puritanism contributed to moral discipline and collective responsibility, its rigid dogmatism and hierarchical structures are less suited to today’s world, where diversity and personal freedom are celebrated. Ultimately, Transcendentalist ideals provide a more progressive and adaptable framework for addressing contemporary challenges.

References 

Christopher L. Bodily. “Henry David Thoreau: The Instrumental Transcendentalist?” Journal of Economic Issues, vol. 21, no. 1, 1987, pp. 203–18. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4225823. 

Gura, Philip F. “The Transcendentalists and Language: The Unitarian Exegetical Background.” Studies in the American Renaissance, 1979, pp. 1–16. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/30227461. 

JANE DURAN. “Margaret Fuller and Transcendental Feminism.” The Pluralist, vol. 5, no. 1, 2010, pp. 65–72. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.5406/pluralist.5.1.0065. 

Malachuk, Daniel S. “Transcendentalism, Perfectionism, and ‘Walden.’” The Concord Saunterer, vol. 12/13, 2004, pp. 283–303. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23395280. 
Richard H. Dillman. “Resources for the Study of Transcendentalist Rhetoric: Emerson and Thoreau.” Rhetoric Society Quarterly, vol. 8, no. 4, 1978, pp. 165–75. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3885667. 

Robinson, David M. “Margaret Fuller and the Transcendental Ethos: Woman in the Nineteenth Century.” PMLA, vol. 97, no. 1, 1982, pp. 83–98. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/462242.

Smith, David C. “WALKING AS SPIRITUAL DISCIPLINE: Henry Thoreau and the Inward Journey.” Soundings: An Interdisciplinary Journal, vol. 74, no. 1/2, 1991, pp. 129–40. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41178592. 

Teague, Savanna. “‘Four of the Most Important Walls in the Commonwealth’: Walden Pond and Henry David Thoreau’s Transcendentalist Philosophy in Fallout 4.” Studies in Popular Culture, vol. 42, no. 2, 2020, pp. 25–45. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26977794. 

Robert Frost and Bob Dylan

This blog task is assigned by Prakruti Bhatt Ma'am (Department of English, MKBU).

Robert Frost and Bob Dylan

1. What is the debate surrounding Bob Dylan's achievement of the Nobel Prize in Literature (2016)? Can we consider his works literary and poetic in nature? Discuss.

Ans.

The intersection of poetry and songwriting has long been debated, with Bob Dylan’s 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature bringing the discussion to the forefront. Like Robert Frost, Dylan's work captures deep emotions, societal struggles, and philosophical reflections, making his songs as impactful as traditional poetry. This blog explores the debate around Dylan’s Nobel Prize, compares his writing style with Frost’s, and examines how both artists use storytelling to explore human experiences

1.1 The Debate: Bob Dylan’s Nobel Prize in Literature (2016)

    Bob Dylan’s Nobel Prize win sparked controversy. Critics argued that song lyrics are not "pure" literature, as they are meant to be sung rather than read. They questioned whether a musician could be considered a literary figure. Others felt that awarding Dylan the prize devalued traditional literature.

Supporters, however, highlighted Dylan’s exceptional lyrical craftsmanship, poetic depth, and cultural influence. His songs address social justice, existential questions, and human struggles-similar to classic poetry. The Swedish Academy justified their choice by stating that Dylan had “created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition.” Many saw this as proof that literature is not limited to books but includes oral and musical traditions as well.

1.2 Can Bob Dylan’s Works Be Considered Literary and Poetic?

Yes! Dylan’s songwriting is deeply poetic, featuring:

1.2.1 Imagery and Symbolism
– In A Hard Rain’s A-Gonna Fall, he paints a surreal picture of war and destruction.

1.2.2 Storytelling
– Hurricane tells the true story of boxer Rubin Carter, unjustly imprisoned, much like a dramatic poem.

1.2.3 Social and Political Themes 

– Blowing’ in the Wind and The Times They Are A-Changing’ discuss freedom, injustice, and social change.

1.2.4Literary References

– Dylan’s lyrics often include Biblical allusions, Shakespearean influences, and poetic elements found in classic literature.

Many of his lyrics, when read separately from the music, resemble free verse poetry. That’s why his work is considered both literary and poetic.

2. Compare and contrast Robert Frost and Bob Dylan. How do they differ in their style of writing? What are the similarities in their songs?

Ans. 

2.1 Robert Frost vs. Bob Dylan: A Comparison

Both Robert Frost and Bob Dylan have left a lasting impact on literature and music. Despite their different mediums, their works share common themes and techniques.

Feature	Robert Frost	Bob Dylan
Medium	Writes traditional poetry	Writes song lyrics
Themes	Nature, life choices, rural life	Social justice, freedom, personal struggles
Style	Uses structured forms like blank verse and rhyme	Free-flowing, folk-style storytelling
Tone	Thoughtful, sometimes melancholic	Conversational, sometimes rebellious
Examples	The Road Not Taken, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening	Like a Rolling Stone, Blowing’ in the Wind

2.2 Similarities Between Frost and Dylan

2.2.1 Storytelling
 – Both use narrative techniques to express deeper meanings.

2.2.2 Philosophical Depth
– They explore existential questions and the human condition.

2.2.3 Cultural Commentary
 – Both engage with societal issues and historical events.

2.2.4 Symbolism and Imagery
 – Their works create vivid mental pictures and emotional depth.

3. Share some lines of any songs from Movies, Poems, or any type of music which reminds you of the themes of songs by Bob Dylan and poems by Robert Frost. 

3.1 Songs and Poems with Similar Themes

Both Dylan and Frost explore themes of choices, fate, struggle, and social issues. Here are some works that align with their themes:

3.1.1 Bob Dylan ("Blowing’ in the Wind"):

"How many roads must a man walk down / Before you call him a man?"

This reflects existential questioning, much like Frost’s work.

3.1.2 Robert Frost ("The Road Not Taken"):

"Two roads diverged in a wood, and I— / I took the one less traveled by."

This mirrors Dylan’s themes of personal and societal choices.

3.2 Other works that align with Frost’s and Dylan’s themes include:

3.2.1 Leonard Cohen

– "Hallelujah" (like Dylan, it blends poetry, religion, and deep emotions).

3.2.2 Johnny Cash

 – "Man in Black" (a protest song similar to Dylan’s style).

3.2.3 Simon & Garfunkel

– "The Sound of Silence" (explores loneliness, like Frost’s Acquainted with the Night).

3.2.4 Bruce Springsteen

– "The River" (a sad tale of lost dreams, similar to Frost’s Out, Out—).

T.S. Eliot’s The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (themes of loneliness and regret, like Frost’s work).

4. Both Dylan and Frost employ storytelling technique to discuss philosophical ideas as well as to provide socio-cultural commentary. Discuss some of their notable works in which this element plays a major role in understanding the text.

Both Frost and Dylan use storytelling to explore social, philosophical, and cultural ideas. Here are some of their notable works:

4.1 Robert Frost

4.1.1 "Mending Wall"

 – A simple tale about neighbors repairing a wall, but it symbolizes human divisions and resistance to change.

4.1.2 "Out, Out—"

 – A tragic story of a young boy’s accidental death, highlighting life’s unpredictability.

4.1.3 "The Death of the Hired Man"

 – Discusses belonging, dignity, and the nature of work.

4.2 Bob Dylan

4.2.1 "The Times They Are A-Changing’"

 – A call for social and political change during the 1960s.

4.2.2 "A Hard Rain’s A-Gonna Fall"

 – Uses dream-like imagery to critique war and destruction.

4.2.3 "Hurricane"

 – Tells the real-life story of Rubin Carter, exposing racial injustice.

Both artists use personal stories and poetic language to provoke thought about society and human nature.

5.1 Conclusion 

The debate over Bob Dylan’s 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature highlights the evolving definition of literature. While critics argue that song lyrics do not belong to traditional literary forms, Dylan’s poetic depth, storytelling, and cultural significance prove otherwise. His works, much like Robert Frost’s poetry, explore profound themes such as existentialism, social justice, and human struggles through vivid imagery and symbolism. Despite their different mediums—Frost in structured poetry and Dylan in folk-inspired lyrics—both artists use narrative techniques to provoke thought and provide socio-cultural commentary. Their works demonstrate that literature is not confined to written text but extends into oral and musical traditions, making Dylan’s recognition as a literary figure well-justified.

Flipped Learning Activity: An Artist of the Floating World

 An Artist of the Floating World

This blog is written as a flipped learning task assigned by the head of the Department of English (MKBU), Prof. and Dr. Dilip Barad Sir. Here is the link to the professor's research article for background reading: Click hear.

Here is the link to the blog: Click hear.

video 1 : About the Author

The video is a lecture discussing Kazuo Ishiguro, his background, and his novel An Artist of the Floating World. Key points include:

About the Author:

Kazuo Ishiguro, born in Japan in 1954 and brought up in Britain, is a Japanese-born British novelist. His work is noted for blending regret with a subtle optimism, largely influenced by his experience of being uprooted from his native culture.

Literary Style & Themes:

Ishiguro’s narratives often explore memory, nostalgia, and the regret linked with past deeds. Unlike the absolute pessimism seen in novels like Orwell’s 1984, Ishiguro’s work carries a tone of subtle optimism, revealing hidden depths beneath our outward sense of connection.

Novel Overview:

An Artist of the Floating World is set in post-war Japan and follows Masuji Ono, an elderly artist who reflects on his career as a propagandist for imperialist ideology. The narrative examines the impact of westernization on Japan and uses Ono’s retrospective account to explore themes of personal and cultural memory.

Narrative Perspective:

The lecture highlights the concept of the unreliable narrator, emphasizing how Ono’s status as an outsider (shaped by his migration and cultural displacement) provides a unique lens. This perspective is compared to other literary and cinematic examples where an external viewpoint uncovers aspects that insiders might miss.

Cultural Context:

The discussion extends to how diaspora writers, like Ishiguro, bring fresh insights into their ancestral cultures, contrasting with writers who remain within their native cultural contexts. This "outsider" viewpoint is seen as both limited and enriching, as it can reveal forgotten or overlooked cultural truths.

Overall, the lecture sets the stage for a deeper exploration of Ishiguro’s thematic concerns and narrative techniques, with plans to discuss thematic analysis in a follow-up session.

Video 2 : Title Explained

The recording is a lengthy, impassioned presentation in Hindi that critiques the role of art, media, and politics in today's changing world, using the title “An Artist of the Floating World” as a springboard. Key points include:

 Title & Identity:

 – The speaker repeatedly questions the meaning of the title and phrases like “the best” in the context of an introductory presentation.

 – It asks what “the state of the world” means, referring to names like “Suji” as symbolic markers of evolving artistic and cultural identities.

 Art, Artists, and Memory:

 – The presentation suggests that old artists revisit their childhood memories and past works, hinting at a transformation from art for mere aesthetic pleasure (the floating world) to art that engages with social and political realities.

 – The discussion alludes to the evolution of art—from traditional expressions to those that may serve nationalist or imperialist agendas.

 Political & Cultural Critique:

 – The speaker criticizes political leaders and the influence of hegemonic power—using references to figures like Hirohito, “Big Brother,” and American companies (e.g., Twitter)—to highlight how language and media manipulate public opinion.

 – There is an emphasis on how nationalism, when used as a tool for political control, leads to destructive outcomes, especially when tied to imperialism and a misguided sense of national interest.

 Digital Media & Subscription Culture:

 – Repeated calls to “subscribe” and references to digital channels underline a critique of modern media’s role in reinforcing these hegemonic narratives.

 – The presenter suggests that the digital world creates an illusion of connectivity while masking deeper cultural and political voids.

 Underlying Message:

 – Overall, the talk warns that the current blend of imperialism, nationalism, and digital manipulation is causing societal and cultural decay.

 – The speaker urges listeners to critically examine the language and symbols that shape national identity and to recognize how art and media can either expose or reinforce these destructive forces.

Video 3 :Characters and Narrative Strategy

The session is an in-depth lecture on the characters, plot, and narrative strategy in Kazuo Ishiguro’s An Artist of the Floating World. Key factual points include:

 Central Character & Narration:

- The protagonist and narrator is Masuji Ono, who is also the titular artist.

- His first-person narrative, marked by frequent digressions and self-admitted “drifting,” renders him an unreliable narrator-a hallmark of postmodern storytelling that leaves the reader questioning the truth behind his account.

Plot Overview & Key Incidents:

- The narrative begins with Masuji Ono describing how he was offered a costly house by the family of the late Akira Sugimura, based on his reputation as a celebrated artist-akin to a matchmaking process where only the most “desirable” is chosen.

-However, as the story unfolds, it becomes apparent that his once-revered paintings are now met with regret and disapproval, exposing the gap between his perceived greatness and reality.

-A central plot thread involves the failed matchmaking negotiations for his daughter Norika’s marriage. Satsuko (his daughter) is deeply concerned that his tarnished reputation, stemming from his past nationalistic and imperialistic associations, might negatively affect family alliances and future prospects.

 Family Dynamics & Consequences:

- Masuji Ono’s personal life is burdened by tragedy: his wife (Michiko) and his son (Kanji), who joined the military, are both dead. These losses are linked to his political and nationalistic choices, further complicating his legacy.

- His interactions with family members, such as Satsuko, highlight the generational tension and the personal cost of his artistic and political decisions.

 Educational & Professional Relationships:

- As an artist, Ono was initially trained by the esteemed painter Seiji Muriyama in the ukiyo-e tradition (art for aesthetic pleasure). Later, as a teacher himself, he mentors students like Kuroda and Shintaro.

- The narrative reveals conflicts with his student-especially Kuroda-stemming from Ono’s later transformation into a pro-government agent who reports on dissenting views, a move that damages his standing and leaves him with deep regret.

 Multiple Dimensions of Art:

-The lecture outlines how art in the novel is presented in various dimensions:

  1. Art for Aesthetic Delight: Traditional ukiyo-e focused on pleasure and beauty.

  2. Art for Business Purposes: Fast, commercial painting that serves capitalist needs.

  3. Art for National Interest: Art repurposed to support imperialistic and nationalistic agendas.

  4. Art for the Poor: A shift from aesthetic indulgence to depicting social realities, which then becomes co-opted for war propaganda.  - This evolution reflects how the artist’s role can shift from a creator of beauty to an agent of political influence.

Overall Themes & Narrative Technique:

- The unreliable narration is central to the novel, as Ono’s fragmented recollections and self-contradictions force readers to question the validity of his account.

-The lecture emphasizes that it is not just the story itself, but the manner in which it is told that holds significance-highlighting the deceptive, self-serving, and often regretful nature of Ono’s memories.

In conclusion, the session underscores how the interplay of personal tragedy, artistic evolution, and political complicity forms the core of the novel’s plot, while the unreliable narrative strategy keeps the true nature of Masuji Ono’s legacy shrouded in ambiguity.

Video 4 : Thematic Study of the Novel

The video is an in-depth lecture on the themes in Kazuo Ishiguro’s An Artist of the Floating World. Key points include:

Central and Peripheral Themes:

The lecturer explains how the novel’s title reflects multiple layers of meaning. Masuji Ono, the protagonist and unreliable narrator, initially aspires to be an artist for the floating world—but later drifts toward using his art for nationalism, business, or even to give voice to the poor. His shifting role exposes the deceptive nature of his narration and raises questions about the truthfulness of his memory.

Marriage and Social Expectations:

The narrative uses the failed marriage negotiations for his daughter Norika as a catalyst for revisiting Masuji Ono’s past. In a traditional Japanese society, these negotiations carry heavy social implications, revealing both personal regret and the impact of his earlier political and artistic choices.

Multiple Dimensions of Art:

The lecture breaks down art’s role into several aspects:

Art for Aesthetic Pleasure: Creating beauty for its own sake (the traditional ukiyo-e style).

Art for Business: Producing art quickly for commercial gain.

Art for Nationalism: Using art as a tool for patriotic or imperial propaganda.

Art for the Poor: A transition toward representing the underprivileged.

The speaker warns that while art can serve many purposes, it becomes dangerous if used as a hegemonic tool for manipulation.

Unreliable Narration and the Deceptiveness of Language:

The lecturer emphasizes that the novel’s narrative strategy—its first-person, unreliable narrator—is central to its impact. This approach challenges readers to question the completeness and honesty of the story being told, reflecting a broader skepticism about the power and manipulation of language in political discourse.

Intergenerational Conflict and Pedagogy:

The discussion also touches on the tension between different generations. While Masuji Ono’s generation was driven by nationalistic fervor, the younger generation is portrayed as more Westernized and pragmatic. Additionally, the lecture examines the paradoxical relationship between teachers and students in the art world, suggesting that authority figures can both nurture and later betray their protégés.

Contemporary Relevance:

Finally, the lecturer notes that the themes of unreliable language, nationalism, and the ethical use of art remain relevant today, drawing parallels with modern examples of political rhetoric and traditional societal expectations.

Overall, the lecture uses these thematic explorations to conclude the course discussion on the novel, emphasizing how Ishiguro’s narrative style and thematic concerns continue to provoke thought about art, memory, and political influence.

Video 5 : Reading Important Passages from the Novel

The video is a comprehensive lecture that interweaves close readings of key passages with a broader thematic discussion of Kazuo Ishiguro’s An Artist of the Floating World. The lecturer covers two main aspects:

1. Reading and Narrative Technique:

The session begins by reading important excerpts from the novel, noting its division into four parts by dates (October 1948, April 1949, November 1949, and June 1950).

A significant focus is on the use of first-person narration. The protagonist Masuji Ono repeatedly addresses an unspecified “you”-a reader or listener-to evoke sympathy and guide how he wishes to be remembered.

This narrative style is marked by digressions, memory gaps, and self-contradictions, which are used to illustrate the idea of the unreliable narrator. The lecturer even references Wayne C. Booth’s concept from The Rhetoric of Fiction to explain why Masuji Ono’s account is inherently deceptive.

2. Thematic Concerns:
Transformation of Art:

The discussion details how Ono’s artistic journey shifts-from initially celebrating the fleeting pleasures of the “floating world” to eventually portraying poverty and then embracing nationalist, warlike imagery. This evolution reflects his internal conflict and regret over the misuse of art as a tool for propaganda.

Nationalism and Regret:

The lecture delves into how Ono’s earlier nationalistic zeal, which once earned him admiration (such as acquiring a grand house due to his reputation), ultimately becomes a source of public and personal disillusionment. His recollections reveal deep remorse for having contributed to war efforts and for the personal betrayals he committed, notably in his dealings with his students and his role as a government informant.

Intergenerational Conflict and the Power of Language:

The speaker highlights how traditional societal expectations-exemplified by the marriage negotiations and family pressures-interact with the broader political and cultural shifts in post-war Japan. The discussion extends to the idea that language can be manipulative, and the unreliable narrative reminds us to question the veracity of what is said.

Historical Context and the Artist’s Role:

Throughout, the lecture emphasizes that an artist’s vision should be informed by a broader historical perspective. The narrow, self-centered focus of Ono (and by extension, of artists who succumb to nationalist fervor) is critiqued for its failure to grasp the larger, often tragic, historical realities.

In summary, the lecture uses close textual analysis and thematic exploration to argue that An Artist of the Floating World is not just about the changing fortunes of one artist, but a meditation on memory, responsibility, and the dangerous power of language in shaping national identity.

References:

-Barad, Dilip. "About the Author." YouTube, uploaded by Dr. Dilip Barad,
https://youtu.be/_Zd6XLLyGvg.
-Barad, Dilip. "Characters and Narrative Strategy." YouTube, uploaded by Dr. Dilip Barad,
https://youtu.be/z1EhasEkeZ4.
-Barad, Dilip. "Reading Important Passages from the Novel." YouTube, uploaded by Dr. Dilip
Barad, https://youtu.be/-WoqKO3hHlc.
-Barad, Dilip. "Thematic Study of the Novel." YouTube, uploaded by Dr. Dilip Barad,
https://youtu.be/Y45Swhri1Fc.
-Barad, Dilip. "Title Explained." YouTube, uploaded by Dr. Dilip Barad,
https://youtu.be/htKqgRreDtg.

- Ishiguro, Kazuo. An Artist of the Floating World. Faber and Faber, 2009.