This blog task is assigned by Prakruti Bhatt Ma'am (Department of English, MKBU).
Henry David Thoreau & Margaret Fuller
1. Discuss the following basic elements of Transcendentalism in the context of Henry David Thoreau's works: 1) Self-Reliance 2) Free Thinking/Individualism 3) Nonconformity/Civil Disobedience 4) Spirituality 5) Importance of Nature 6) Confidence
Ans.
1. Transcendentalism in the Works of Henry David Thoreau
Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862) was a leading figure in the Transcendentalist movement, which emphasized self-reliance, free thinking, nonconformity, spirituality, nature, and confidence. His works, particularly Walden (1854) and Civil Disobedience (1849), reflect these core principles. Thoreau’s philosophy continues to influence civil rights movements, environmentalism, and personal development. This essay explores the fundamental elements of Transcendentalism in Thoreau’s works.
2. Self-Reliance|
Thoreau strongly advocated for personal independence and self-sufficiency. In Walden, he withdrew from conventional society to live at Walden Pond, believing that true fulfillment could be found by relying on oneself. He built his own shelter, grew his own food, and lived with minimal material needs. He wrote, “A man is rich in proportion to the number of things which he can afford to let alone.” This reflects the Transcendentalist ideal of rejecting materialism and excessive labor in favor of personal and intellectual freedom. He believed that individuals should trust their own judgment rather than conform to social expectations, emphasizing that self-reliance leads to a more meaningful life.
3. Free Thinking/Individualism
3. Free Thinking/Individualism
Thoreau championed independent thought and personal convictions, rejecting blind adherence to societal norms. He argued that individuals should think for themselves rather than follow traditions without questioning them. In Walden, he asserts, “No way of thinking or doing, however ancient, can be trusted without proof.” He believed that personal conscience should hold more authority than external institutions like government, religion, or media. His mentor, Ralph Waldo Emerson, also promoted self-reliance, but Thoreau took it further by actively living it. His insistence on intellectual independence highlights his commitment to individualism and personal truth.
4.Nonconformity/Civil Disobedience
Thoreau was a firm believer in resisting unjust authority and societal pressures. In Civil Disobedience, he argues that individuals should refuse to comply with unjust laws, stating, “The only obligation which I have a right to assume is to do at any time what I think right.” His refusal to pay the poll tax as a protest against slavery and the Mexican-American War showcases his commitment to nonconformity and ethical resistance. His philosophy of peaceful protest later influenced global civil rights leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.
5. Spirituality
Thoreau’s spirituality was deeply connected to nature and personal reflection. Instead of seeking divinity in churches or religious doctrines, he found it in the natural world. In Walden, he describes the pond as a sacred space where he experiences spiritual awakening, stating, “Heaven is under our feet as well as over our heads.” He was also influenced by Eastern philosophies, including Hinduism and the Bhagavad Gita, which emphasize self-reflection and harmony with nature. His belief in the divine presence within all living beings made him skeptical of institutionalized religion, which he saw as restrictive.
6.Importance of Nature
Nature was central to Thoreau’s philosophy, serving as a source of wisdom, inspiration, and self-discovery. He believed that human beings could learn more from nature than from books or institutions. In Walden, he immerses himself in the wilderness to understand life’s essentials, writing, “I believe that there is a subtle magnetism in Nature, which, if we unconsciously yield to it, will direct us aright.” He criticizes modern society for alienating individuals from the natural world. His love for nature also makes him an early advocate for ecological preservation, emphasizing the need to protect the environment from human exploitation.7.Confidence
Thoreau encouraged individuals to trust their instincts and beliefs, even in the face of opposition. His life and writings exemplify unwavering confidence in his principles. In Walden, he asserts, “Go confidently in the direction of your dreams. Live the life you have imagined.” This statement reflects his belief in personal conviction over societal approval. He criticizes fear-driven hesitation and encourages decisive action. His famous line, “If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer,” highlights the importance of marching to one’s own rhythm without worrying about societal expectations.
8.Conclusion
Thoreau’s works embody the fundamental principles of Transcendentalism, emphasizing self-reliance, individualism, civil disobedience, spirituality, nature, and confidence. Through Walden and Civil Disobedience, he not only lived these ideals but also inspired future generations to think freely, resist injustice, and find truth in nature. His legacy continues to influence those who seek a life of independence, moral integrity, and harmony with the natural world.
2. Share your thoughts about Thoreau's statement: "that government is best which governs least".
6.Importance of Nature
Nature was central to Thoreau’s philosophy, serving as a source of wisdom, inspiration, and self-discovery. He believed that human beings could learn more from nature than from books or institutions. In Walden, he immerses himself in the wilderness to understand life’s essentials, writing, “I believe that there is a subtle magnetism in Nature, which, if we unconsciously yield to it, will direct us aright.” He criticizes modern society for alienating individuals from the natural world. His love for nature also makes him an early advocate for ecological preservation, emphasizing the need to protect the environment from human exploitation.7.Confidence
Thoreau encouraged individuals to trust their instincts and beliefs, even in the face of opposition. His life and writings exemplify unwavering confidence in his principles. In Walden, he asserts, “Go confidently in the direction of your dreams. Live the life you have imagined.” This statement reflects his belief in personal conviction over societal approval. He criticizes fear-driven hesitation and encourages decisive action. His famous line, “If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer,” highlights the importance of marching to one’s own rhythm without worrying about societal expectations.
8.Conclusion
Thoreau’s works embody the fundamental principles of Transcendentalism, emphasizing self-reliance, individualism, civil disobedience, spirituality, nature, and confidence. Through Walden and Civil Disobedience, he not only lived these ideals but also inspired future generations to think freely, resist injustice, and find truth in nature. His legacy continues to influence those who seek a life of independence, moral integrity, and harmony with the natural world.
2. Share your thoughts about Thoreau's statement: "that government is best which governs least".
7.Confidence
Thoreau encouraged individuals to trust their instincts and beliefs, even in the face of opposition. His life and writings exemplify unwavering confidence in his principles. In Walden, he asserts, “Go confidently in the direction of your dreams. Live the life you have imagined.” This statement reflects his belief in personal conviction over societal approval. He criticizes fear-driven hesitation and encourages decisive action. His famous line, “If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer,” highlights the importance of marching to one’s own rhythm without worrying about societal expectations.
8.Conclusion
Thoreau’s works embody the fundamental principles of Transcendentalism, emphasizing self-reliance, individualism, civil disobedience, spirituality, nature, and confidence. Through Walden and Civil Disobedience, he not only lived these ideals but also inspired future generations to think freely, resist injustice, and find truth in nature. His legacy continues to influence those who seek a life of independence, moral integrity, and harmony with the natural world.
2. Share your thoughts about Thoreau's statement: "that government is best which governs least".
1.Introduction
Henry David Thoreau’s assertion, “That government is best which governs least,” represents a fundamental critique of institutional authority and excessive political control. As a key figure in Transcendentalism, Thoreau believed in self-reliance, individual conscience, and moral resistance against unjust laws. His ideas, articulated in Civil Disobedience (1849), were largely shaped by his opposition to the U.S. government's expansionist policies and its complicity in slavery.
Thoreau’s political stance was not just theoretical but deeply personal. In 1846, he refused to pay the poll tax, protesting against the Mexican-American War and slavery. His brief imprisonment symbolized his commitment to resisting governmental injustice, inspiring future leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., and Nelson Mandela. He believed that government should exist to serve the people, not to restrict their rights or enforce unjust policies.
2.Thoreau’s Philosophy on Government
Thoreau’s statement reflects his belief that a government should interfere as little as possible in the lives of its citizens, allowing people to govern themselves based on moral conscience. He expands on this idea in Civil Disobedience, where he criticizes government corruption, excessive control, and unjust laws. He argues that when laws contradict moral principles, individuals have a duty to resist peacefully. His refusal to pay taxes that funded war and slavery exemplifies this belief in nonviolent resistance.
However, Thoreau’s vision does not entirely reject governance. Instead, he envisions an ideal government that respects individual freedom and imposes only necessary regulations. His philosophy aligns with the broader transcendentalist ideals of self-reliance and personal responsibility, advocating for a society where individuals govern themselves according to their ethical beliefs.
However, Thoreau’s vision does not entirely reject governance. Instead, he envisions an ideal government that respects individual freedom and imposes only necessary regulations. His philosophy aligns with the broader transcendentalist ideals of self-reliance and personal responsibility, advocating for a society where individuals govern themselves according to their ethical beliefs.
3. Practical Limitations of Minimal Government
While Thoreau’s vision is inspiring, it raises practical concerns. Can a society function effectively without structured governance? If government is entirely absent, wouldn’t social instability, economic exploitation, and lawlessness prevail? Modern societies require governance to maintain order, provide essential services, and protect citizens' rights. A completely hands-off government may not be practical in complex societies.
However, Thoreau’s philosophy remains relevant in discussions about the balance between government power and personal freedom. His ideas encourage citizens to question authority, resist oppression, and advocate for justice. Instead of a total rejection of governance, his statement serves as a reminder that government should prioritize justice, individual rights, and ethical leadership.
However, Thoreau’s philosophy remains relevant in discussions about the balance between government power and personal freedom. His ideas encourage citizens to question authority, resist oppression, and advocate for justice. Instead of a total rejection of governance, his statement serves as a reminder that government should prioritize justice, individual rights, and ethical leadership.
Conclusion
Thoreau’s “That government is best which governs least” is a powerful call for individual liberty and resistance to tyranny. While his vision of minimal government is idealistic, it raises valid concerns about the role of governance in maintaining social stability. His philosophy continues to inspire debates on democracy, civil rights, and personal freedom, challenging societies to strike a balance between individual autonomy and responsible governance.
3.Discuss any two of the major themes of Margaret Fuller's philosophy.
3.1 Major Themes in Margaret Fuller's Philosophy
Margaret Fuller (1810–1850) was a pioneering American journalist, editor, Transcendentalist thinker, and advocate for women's rights. Her philosophy was deeply influenced by the ideals of individualism, self-reliance, and social justice. Two major themes in her work are Transcendentalism and Women’s Rights and Gender Equality.
3.1.1 Transcendentalism
Fuller was a prominent figure in the Transcendentalist movement, which emphasized individual intuition, self-reliance, and the inherent goodness of people and nature. She believed that personal insight and spiritual experiences were fundamental sources of truth, surpassing empirical evidence and established doctrines. This perspective is evident in her work with The Dial, a Transcendentalist journal she co-edited with Ralph Waldo Emerson, where she explored themes of self-cultivation, intellectual growth, and the pursuit of personal freedom.
Fuller believed in the transformative power of self-improvement. She encouraged individuals to engage in continuous learning and self-exploration, regardless of gender. In Woman in the Nineteenth Century, she states, “Let every woman, instead of being taught to lean upon a husband, be taught to stand alone.” This highlights her belief that true independence stems from intellectual and emotional growth. For Fuller, self-cultivation was not just about personal fulfillment but also about contributing to society, as individuals who pursued knowledge and self-awareness would ultimately work toward social reform and justice.
3.1.2 Women's Rights and Gender Equality
As a trailblazer for gender equality, Fuller argued that women should have the same opportunities for education, political rights, and personal development as men. In her seminal work, Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1845), she challenged the restrictive roles assigned to women, asserting, “We would have every arbitrary barrier thrown down. We would have every path laid open to woman as freely as to man.” She believed that gender should not limit an individual’s potential, and she advocated for the recognition of both masculine and feminine qualities within all people.
Fuller’s vision extended beyond feminism-she saw women's liberation as part of a broader social movement toward justice and equality. She linked the struggle for women’s rights to other progressive causes, including abolitionism, democracy, and educational reform. Her advocacy laid the groundwork for the early women’s suffrage movement and continues to influence discussions on gender equality today.
Conclusion
Margaret Fuller’s philosophy was deeply rooted in the ideals of Transcendentalism and women’s rights, both of which emphasized intellectual growth, self-reliance, and social justice. Through her writings and activism, she challenged societal norms, encouraged personal and collective progress, and left a lasting impact on American philosophy, feminism, and social reform. Her work remains a cornerstone in the fight for gender equality and the pursuit of self-cultivation.
4. Compare Transcendentalist ideas with that of Puritanism. Which philosophical ideology can you consider relevant for our times?
4.1 Transcendentalism vs. Puritanism: A Comparative Analysis and Contemporary Relevance
Philosophical and religious movements shape societies by defining their values, beliefs, and cultural structures. Puritanism and Transcendentalism, two influential American ideologies, represent contrasting worldviews. While Puritanism, dominant in the 17th and early 18th centuries, emphasized strict religious discipline, divine predestination, and collective morality, Transcendentalism, which flourished in the 19th century, championed individual intuition, self-reliance, and the intrinsic goodness of humanity. This essay explores their differences and evaluates their relevance in the modern world.
4.2 Core Differences Between Transcendentalism and Puritanism
4.2.1 Views on Human Nature
Puritanism:
Rooted in Calvinist theology, Puritans believed in original sin-the idea that humans are inherently sinful and in need of divine grace for salvation. Moral discipline and strict religious adherence were essential to avoid corruption.Transcendentalism:
In contrast, Transcendentalists believed in the inherent goodness of individuals. They argued that people are naturally inclined toward truth and self-improvement, provided they listen to their inner conscience rather than external religious authorities. Emerson’s concept of the Over-Soul describes a divine spirit connecting all living beings.4.2.2 Relationship with God and Spirituality
Puritanism: Puritans maintained a rigid, theocratic worldview where God was seen as an omnipotent judge, and salvation was predestined. Religious institutions played a crucial role in shaping moral conduct.Transcendentalism: Transcendentalists rejected institutionalized religion, advocating for a direct, personal connection with the divine through nature and intuition. Emerson famously wrote, “I am part or particle of God,” signifying a belief in inner divinity rather than reliance on external religious dogma.4.2.3 Nature and the Material World
Puritanism:
Puritans often viewed nature as dangerous and corrupt, a place of temptation that needed to be controlled. The wilderness was associated with moral trials, as seen in Jonathan Edwards’ Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God (1741).Transcendentalism:
Transcendentalists, particularly Henry David Thoreau, saw nature as a source of divine inspiration and self-discovery. His book Walden (1854) celebrates nature as a path to personal and spiritual awakening. Rather than something to be feared, the natural world was a reflection of divine beauty and truth.4.2.4 Social and Political Views
Puritanism: Puritan society was hierarchical and conformist, placing religious duty above individual freedom. Ministers and church authorities wielded significant power, and dissenters were often ostracized or punished.Transcendentalism: Transcendentalists valued personal freedom, self-reliance, and civil disobedience. Thoreau’s essay Civil Disobedience (1849) argued that individuals should resist unjust laws, a philosophy later influencing figures like Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.
4.3 Which Philosophy is More Relevant Today?
4.3.1 The Legacy of Puritanism in Modern Society
Although Puritanism as a movement has faded, its influence persists in American culture. The "Protestant work ethic," first theorized by sociologist Max Weber, is a Puritan legacy that equates hard work with moral righteousness. Additionally, Puritan values still shape debates on morality, censorship, and religious fundamentalism, particularly in conservative social and political ideologies.
4.3.2 The Relevance of Transcendentalism in the Modern World
Transcendentalism, with its focus on individual freedom, environmentalism, and personal spirituality, is highly relevant today:
Environmental Consciousness:
The Transcendentalist reverence for nature aligns with modern climate activism and conservation efforts. Thoreau’s ideas on simple living inspire contemporary sustainability movements.Self-Reliance and Personal Growth: Emerson’s philosophy of self-reliance is echoed in modern self-help movements, mindfulness practices, and holistic well-being trends. The rise of meditation, minimalism, and personal development movements reflects Transcendentalist ideals.Social and Political Activism:
The concept of civil disobedience remains influential in protests against systemic injustices, from civil rights movements to environmental activism.
Conclusion
While both Puritanism and Transcendentalism have shaped American thought, Transcendentalism is more relevant to contemporary society. Its emphasis on individualism, environmental awareness, and spiritual self-exploration resonates with modern concerns about identity, mental well-being, and social justice. Although Puritanism contributed to moral discipline and collective responsibility, its rigid dogmatism and hierarchical structures are less suited to today’s world, where diversity and personal freedom are celebrated. Ultimately, Transcendentalist ideals provide a more progressive and adaptable framework for addressing contemporary challenges.
References
3.Discuss any two of the major themes of Margaret Fuller's philosophy.
3.1 Major Themes in Margaret Fuller's Philosophy
Margaret Fuller (1810–1850) was a pioneering American journalist, editor, Transcendentalist thinker, and advocate for women's rights. Her philosophy was deeply influenced by the ideals of individualism, self-reliance, and social justice. Two major themes in her work are Transcendentalism and Women’s Rights and Gender Equality.
3.1.1 Transcendentalism
Fuller was a prominent figure in the Transcendentalist movement, which emphasized individual intuition, self-reliance, and the inherent goodness of people and nature. She believed that personal insight and spiritual experiences were fundamental sources of truth, surpassing empirical evidence and established doctrines. This perspective is evident in her work with The Dial, a Transcendentalist journal she co-edited with Ralph Waldo Emerson, where she explored themes of self-cultivation, intellectual growth, and the pursuit of personal freedom.
Fuller believed in the transformative power of self-improvement. She encouraged individuals to engage in continuous learning and self-exploration, regardless of gender. In Woman in the Nineteenth Century, she states, “Let every woman, instead of being taught to lean upon a husband, be taught to stand alone.” This highlights her belief that true independence stems from intellectual and emotional growth. For Fuller, self-cultivation was not just about personal fulfillment but also about contributing to society, as individuals who pursued knowledge and self-awareness would ultimately work toward social reform and justice.
3.1.2 Women's Rights and Gender Equality
As a trailblazer for gender equality, Fuller argued that women should have the same opportunities for education, political rights, and personal development as men. In her seminal work, Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1845), she challenged the restrictive roles assigned to women, asserting, “We would have every arbitrary barrier thrown down. We would have every path laid open to woman as freely as to man.” She believed that gender should not limit an individual’s potential, and she advocated for the recognition of both masculine and feminine qualities within all people.
Fuller’s vision extended beyond feminism-she saw women's liberation as part of a broader social movement toward justice and equality. She linked the struggle for women’s rights to other progressive causes, including abolitionism, democracy, and educational reform. Her advocacy laid the groundwork for the early women’s suffrage movement and continues to influence discussions on gender equality today.
Conclusion
Margaret Fuller’s philosophy was deeply rooted in the ideals of Transcendentalism and women’s rights, both of which emphasized intellectual growth, self-reliance, and social justice. Through her writings and activism, she challenged societal norms, encouraged personal and collective progress, and left a lasting impact on American philosophy, feminism, and social reform. Her work remains a cornerstone in the fight for gender equality and the pursuit of self-cultivation.
4.3 Which Philosophy is More Relevant Today?
4. Compare Transcendentalist ideas with that of Puritanism. Which philosophical ideology can you consider relevant for our times?
4.1 Transcendentalism vs. Puritanism: A Comparative Analysis and Contemporary Relevance
Philosophical and religious movements shape societies by defining their values, beliefs, and cultural structures. Puritanism and Transcendentalism, two influential American ideologies, represent contrasting worldviews. While Puritanism, dominant in the 17th and early 18th centuries, emphasized strict religious discipline, divine predestination, and collective morality, Transcendentalism, which flourished in the 19th century, championed individual intuition, self-reliance, and the intrinsic goodness of humanity. This essay explores their differences and evaluates their relevance in the modern world.
4.2 Core Differences Between Transcendentalism and Puritanism
4.2.1 Views on Human Nature
Puritanism:
Rooted in Calvinist theology, Puritans believed in original sin-the idea that humans are inherently sinful and in need of divine grace for salvation. Moral discipline and strict religious adherence were essential to avoid corruption.Transcendentalism:
In contrast, Transcendentalists believed in the inherent goodness of individuals. They argued that people are naturally inclined toward truth and self-improvement, provided they listen to their inner conscience rather than external religious authorities. Emerson’s concept of the Over-Soul describes a divine spirit connecting all living beings.4.2.2 Relationship with God and Spirituality
Puritanism: Puritans maintained a rigid, theocratic worldview where God was seen as an omnipotent judge, and salvation was predestined. Religious institutions played a crucial role in shaping moral conduct.
Transcendentalism: Transcendentalists rejected institutionalized religion, advocating for a direct, personal connection with the divine through nature and intuition. Emerson famously wrote, “I am part or particle of God,” signifying a belief in inner divinity rather than reliance on external religious dogma.
4.2.3 Nature and the Material World
Puritanism:
Puritans often viewed nature as dangerous and corrupt, a place of temptation that needed to be controlled. The wilderness was associated with moral trials, as seen in Jonathan Edwards’ Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God (1741).
Puritans often viewed nature as dangerous and corrupt, a place of temptation that needed to be controlled. The wilderness was associated with moral trials, as seen in Jonathan Edwards’ Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God (1741).
Transcendentalism:
Transcendentalists, particularly Henry David Thoreau, saw nature as a source of divine inspiration and self-discovery. His book Walden (1854) celebrates nature as a path to personal and spiritual awakening. Rather than something to be feared, the natural world was a reflection of divine beauty and truth.
Transcendentalists, particularly Henry David Thoreau, saw nature as a source of divine inspiration and self-discovery. His book Walden (1854) celebrates nature as a path to personal and spiritual awakening. Rather than something to be feared, the natural world was a reflection of divine beauty and truth.
4.2.4 Social and Political Views
Puritanism: Puritan society was hierarchical and conformist, placing religious duty above individual freedom. Ministers and church authorities wielded significant power, and dissenters were often ostracized or punished.
Transcendentalism: Transcendentalists valued personal freedom, self-reliance, and civil disobedience. Thoreau’s essay Civil Disobedience (1849) argued that individuals should resist unjust laws, a philosophy later influencing figures like Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.
4.3 Which Philosophy is More Relevant Today?
4.3.1 The Legacy of Puritanism in Modern Society
Although Puritanism as a movement has faded, its influence persists in American culture. The "Protestant work ethic," first theorized by sociologist Max Weber, is a Puritan legacy that equates hard work with moral righteousness. Additionally, Puritan values still shape debates on morality, censorship, and religious fundamentalism, particularly in conservative social and political ideologies.
4.3.2 The Relevance of Transcendentalism in the Modern World
Transcendentalism, with its focus on individual freedom, environmentalism, and personal spirituality, is highly relevant today:
Environmental Consciousness:
The Transcendentalist reverence for nature aligns with modern climate activism and conservation efforts. Thoreau’s ideas on simple living inspire contemporary sustainability movements.Self-Reliance and Personal Growth: Emerson’s philosophy of self-reliance is echoed in modern self-help movements, mindfulness practices, and holistic well-being trends. The rise of meditation, minimalism, and personal development movements reflects Transcendentalist ideals.
Social and Political Activism:
The concept of civil disobedience remains influential in protests against systemic injustices, from civil rights movements to environmental activism.Conclusion
While both Puritanism and Transcendentalism have shaped American thought, Transcendentalism is more relevant to contemporary society. Its emphasis on individualism, environmental awareness, and spiritual self-exploration resonates with modern concerns about identity, mental well-being, and social justice. Although Puritanism contributed to moral discipline and collective responsibility, its rigid dogmatism and hierarchical structures are less suited to today’s world, where diversity and personal freedom are celebrated. Ultimately, Transcendentalist ideals provide a more progressive and adaptable framework for addressing contemporary challenges.
References
References
Christopher L. Bodily. “Henry David Thoreau: The Instrumental Transcendentalist?” Journal of Economic Issues, vol. 21, no. 1, 1987, pp. 203–18. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4225823.
Gura, Philip F. “The Transcendentalists and Language: The Unitarian Exegetical Background.” Studies in the American Renaissance, 1979, pp. 1–16. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/30227461.
JANE DURAN. “Margaret Fuller and Transcendental Feminism.” The Pluralist, vol. 5, no. 1, 2010, pp. 65–72. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.5406/pluralist.5.1.0065.
Malachuk, Daniel S. “Transcendentalism, Perfectionism, and ‘Walden.’” The Concord Saunterer, vol. 12/13, 2004, pp. 283–303. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23395280.
Richard H. Dillman. “Resources for the Study of Transcendentalist Rhetoric: Emerson and Thoreau.” Rhetoric Society Quarterly, vol. 8, no. 4, 1978, pp. 165–75. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3885667.
Robinson, David M. “Margaret Fuller and the Transcendental Ethos: Woman in the Nineteenth Century.” PMLA, vol. 97, no. 1, 1982, pp. 83–98. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/462242.
Smith, David C. “WALKING AS SPIRITUAL DISCIPLINE: Henry Thoreau and the Inward Journey.” Soundings: An Interdisciplinary Journal, vol. 74, no. 1/2, 1991, pp. 129–40. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41178592.
Teague, Savanna. “‘Four of the Most Important Walls in the Commonwealth’: Walden Pond and Henry David Thoreau’s Transcendentalist Philosophy in Fallout 4.” Studies in Popular Culture, vol. 42, no. 2, 2020, pp. 25–45. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26977794.
Gura, Philip F. “The Transcendentalists and Language: The Unitarian Exegetical Background.” Studies in the American Renaissance, 1979, pp. 1–16. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/30227461.
JANE DURAN. “Margaret Fuller and Transcendental Feminism.” The Pluralist, vol. 5, no. 1, 2010, pp. 65–72. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.5406/pluralist.5.1.0065.
Malachuk, Daniel S. “Transcendentalism, Perfectionism, and ‘Walden.’” The Concord Saunterer, vol. 12/13, 2004, pp. 283–303. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23395280.
Richard H. Dillman. “Resources for the Study of Transcendentalist Rhetoric: Emerson and Thoreau.” Rhetoric Society Quarterly, vol. 8, no. 4, 1978, pp. 165–75. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3885667.
Robinson, David M. “Margaret Fuller and the Transcendental Ethos: Woman in the Nineteenth Century.” PMLA, vol. 97, no. 1, 1982, pp. 83–98. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/462242.
Smith, David C. “WALKING AS SPIRITUAL DISCIPLINE: Henry Thoreau and the Inward Journey.” Soundings: An Interdisciplinary Journal, vol. 74, no. 1/2, 1991, pp. 129–40. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41178592.
Teague, Savanna. “‘Four of the Most Important Walls in the Commonwealth’: Walden Pond and Henry David Thoreau’s Transcendentalist Philosophy in Fallout 4.” Studies in Popular Culture, vol. 42, no. 2, 2020, pp. 25–45. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26977794.
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